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UNDER THE LEADS - Chapter XXXII

The Minister of Foreign Affairs M. de Boulogne, the Comptroller--
M. le Duc de Choiseul--M. Paris du Vernai--Establishment of the
Lottery--My Brother's Arrival at Paris; His Reception by the Academy

Once more, then, I was in Paris, which I ought to regard as my
fatherland, since I could return no more to that land which gave me
birth: an unworthy country, yet, in spite of all, ever dear to me,
possibly on account of early impressions and early prejudices, or
possibly because the beauties of Venice are really unmatched in the
world.  But mighty Paris is a place of good luck or ill, as one takes
it, and it was my part to catch the favouring gale.

Paris was not wholly new to me, as my readers know I had spent two
years there, but I must confess that, having then no other aim than
to pass the time pleasantly, I had merely devoted myself to pleasure
and enjoyment.  Fortune, to whom I had paid no court, had not opened
to me her golden doors; but I now felt that I must treat her more
reverently, and attach myself to the throng of her favoured sons whom
she loads with her gifts.  I understood now that the nearer one draws
to the sun the more one feels the warmth of its rays.  I saw that to
attain my end I should have to employ all my mental and physical
talents, that I must make friends of the great, and take cue from all
whom I found it to be my interest to please.  To follow the plans
suggested by these thoughts, I saw that I must avoid what is called
bad company, that I must give up my old habits and pretensions, which
would be sure to make me enemies, who would have no scruple in
representing me as a trifler, and not fit to be trusted with affairs
of any importance.

I think I thought wisely, and the reader, I hope, will be of the same
opinion.  "I will be reserved," said I, "in what I say and what I do,
and thus I shall get a reputation for discretion which will bring its
reward."

I was in no anxiety on the score of present needs, as I could reckon
on a monthly allowance of a hundred crowns, which my adopted father,
the good and generous M. de Bragadin, sent me, and I found this sum
sufficient in the meanwhile, for with a little self-restraint one can
live cheaply at Paris, and cut a good figure at the same time.  I was
obliged to wear a good suit of clothes, and to have a decent lodging;
for in all large towns the most important thing is outward show, by
which at the beginning one is always judged.  My anxiety was only for
the pressing needs of the moment, for to speak the truth I had
neither clothes nor linen--in a word, nothing.

If my relations with the French ambassador are recalled, it will be
found natural that my first idea was to address myself to him, as I
knew him sufficiently well to reckon on his serving me.

Being perfectly certain that the porter would tell me that my lord
was engaged, I took care to have a letter, and in the morning I went
to the Palais Bourbon.  The porter took my letter, and I gave him my
address and returned home.

Wherever I went I had to tell the story of my escape from The Leads. 
This became a service almost as tiring as the flight itself had been,
as it took me two hours to tell my tale, without the slightest bit of
fancy-work; but I had to be polite to the curious enquirers, and to
pretend that I believed them moved by the most affectionate interest
in my welfare.  In general, the best way to please is to take the
benevolence of all with whom one has relation for granted.

I supped at Silvia's, and as the evening was quieter than the night
before, I had time to congratulate myself on all the friendship they
shewed me.  The girl was, as I had said, fifteen years old, and I was
in every way charmed with her.  I complimented the mother on the good
results of her education, and I did not even think of guarding myself
from falling a victim to her charms.  I had taken so lately such
well-founded and philosophical resolutions, and I was not yet
sufficiently at my ease to value the pain of being tempted.  I left
at an early hour, impatient to see what kind of an answer the
minister had sent me.  I had not long to wait, and I received a short
letter appointing a meeting for two o'clock in the afternoon.  It may
be guessed that I was punctual, and my reception by his excellence
was most flattering.  M. de Bernis expressed his pleasure at seeing
me after my fortunate escape, and at being able to be of service to
me.  He told me that M---- M---- had informed him of my escape, and
he had flattered himself that the first person I should go and see in
Paris would be himself.  He shewed me the letters from M---- M----
relating to my arrest and escape, but all the details in the latter
were purely imaginary and had no foundation in fact.  M---- M---- was
not to blame, as she could only write what she had heard, and it was
not easy for anyone besides myself to know the real circumstances of
my escape.  The charming nun said that, no longer buoyed up by the
hope of seeing either of the men who alone had made her in love with
life, her existence had become a burden to her, and she was
unfortunate in not being able to take any comfort in religion.  "C---
C---- often comes to see me," she said, "but I grieve to say she is
not happy with her husband."

I told M. de Bernis that the account of my flight from The Leads, as
told by our friend, was wholly inaccurate, and I would therefore take
the liberty of writing out the whole story with the minutest details. 
He challenged me to keep my word, assuring me that he would send a
copy to M---- M----, and at the same time, with the utmost courtesy,
he put a packet of a hundred Louis in my hand, telling me that he
would think what he could do for me, and would advise me as soon as
he had any communication to make.

Thus furnished with ample funds, my first care was for my dress; and
this done I went to work, and in a week sent my generous protector
the result, giving him permission to have as many copies printed as
he liked, and to make any use he pleased of it to interest in my
behalf such persons as might be of service to me.

Three weeks after, the minister summoned me to say that he had spoken
of me to M. Erizzo, the Venetian ambassador, who had nothing to say
against me, but for fear of embroiling himself with the State
Inquisitors declined to receive me.  Not wanting anything from him--
his refusal did me no harm.  M. de Bernis then told me that he had
given a copy of my history to Madame la Marquise de Pompadour, and he
promised to take the first opportunity of presenting me to this all-
powerful lady.  "You can present yourself, my dear Casanova," added
his excellence, "to the Duc de Choiseul, and M. de Boulogne, the
comptroller.  You will be well received, and with a little wit you
ought to be able to make good use of the letter.  He himself will
give you the cue, and you will see that he who listens obtains.  Try
to invent some useful plan for the royal exchequer; don't let it be
complicated or chimerical, and if you don't write it out at too great
length I will give you my opinion on it."

I left the minister in a pleased and grateful mood, but extremely
puzzled to find a way of increasing the royal revenue.  I knew
nothing of finance, and after racking my brains all that I could
think of was new methods of taxation; but all my plans were either
absurd or certain to be unpopular, and I rejected them all on
consideration.

As soon as I found out that M. de Choiseul was in Paris I called on
him.  He received me in his dressing-room, where he was writing while
his valet did his hair.  He stretched his politeness so far as to
interrupt himself several times to ask me questions, but as soon as I
began to reply his grace began to write again, and I suspect did not
hear what I was saying; and though now and again he seemed to be
looking at me, it was plain that his eyes and his thoughts were
occupied on different objects.  In spite of this way of receiving
visitors--or me, at all events, M. de Choiseul was a man of wit.

When he had finished writing he said in Italian that M. de Bernis had
told him of some circumstances of my escape, and he added,

"Tell me how you succeeded."

"My lord, it would be too long a story; it would take me at least two
hours, and your grace seems busy."

"Tell me briefly about it."

"However much I speak to the point, I shall take two hours."

"You can keep the details for another time."

"The story is devoid of interest without the details"

"Well, well, you can tell me the whole story in brief, without losing
much of the interest:"

"Very good; after that I can say no more.  I must tell your lordship,
then, that, the State Inquisitors shut me up under the Leads; that
after fifteen months and five days of imprisonment I succeeded in
piercing the roof; that after many difficulties I reached the
chancery by a window, and broke open the door; afterwards I got to
St. Mark's Place, whence, taking a gondola which bore me to the
mainland, I arrived at Paris, and have had the honour to pay my duty
to your lordship."

"But....  what are The Leads?"

"My lord, I should take a quarter of an hour, at least, to explain."

"How did you pierce the roof?"

"I could not tell your lordship in less than half an hour:"

"Why were you shut up?"

"It would be a long tale, my lord."

"I think you are right.  The interest of the story lies chiefly in
the details."

"I took the liberty of saying as much to your grace."

"Well, I must go to Versailles, but I shall be delighted if you will
come and see me sometimes.  In the meanwhile, M. Casanova, think what
I can do for you."

I had been almost offended at the way in which M.  de Choiseul had
received me, and I was inclined to resent it; but the end of our
conversation, and above all the kindly tone of his last words,
quieted me, and I left him, if not satisfied, at least without
bitterness in my heart.

From him I went to M. de Boulogne's, and found him a man of quite a
different stamp to the duke--in manners, dress, and appearance.  He
received me with great politeness, and began by complimenting me on
the high place I enjoyed in the opinion of M. de Bernis, and on my
skill in matters of finance.

I felt that no compliment had been so ill deserved, and I could
hardly help bursting into laughter.  My good angel, however, made me
keep my countenance.

M. de Boulogne had an old man with him, every feature bore the
imprint of genius, and who inspired me with respect.

"Give me your views;" said the comptroller, "either on paper or 'viva
voce'.  You will find me willing to learn and ready to grasp your
ideas.  Here is M. Paris du Vernai, who wants twenty millions for his
military school; and he wishes to get this sum without a charge on
the state or emptying the treasury."

"It is God alone, sir, who has the creative power."

"I am not a god," said M. du Vernai, "but for all that I have now and
then created but the times have changed."

"Everything," I said, "is more difficult than it used to be; but in
spite of difficulties I have a plan which would give the king the
interest of a hundred millions."

"What expense would there be to the Crown?"

"Merely the cost of receiving."

"The nation, then, would furnish the sum in question?"

"Undoubtedly, but voluntarily."

"I know what you are thinking of."

"You astonish me, sir, as I have told nobody of my plan."

"If you have no other engagement, do me the honour of dining with me
to-morrow, and I will tell you what your project is.  It is a good
one, but surrounded, I believe, with insuperable difficulties. 
Nevertheless, we will talk it over and see what can be done.  Will
you come?"

"I will do myself that honour."

"Very good, I will expect you at Plaisance."

After he had gone, M. de Boulogne praised his talents and honesty. 
He was the brother of M. de Montmartel, whom secret history makes the
father of Madame de Pompadour, for he was the lover of Madame Poisson
at the same time as M. le Normand.

I left the comptroller's and went to walk in the Tuileries, thinking
over the strange stroke of luck which had happened to me.  I had been
told that twenty millions were wanted, and I had boasted of being
able to get a hundred, without the slightest idea of how it was to be
done; and on that a well-known man experienced in the public business
had asked me to dinner to convince me that he knew what my scheme
was.  There was something odd and comic about the whole affair; but
that corresponded very well with my modes of thought and action.  "If
he thinks he is going to pump me," said I, "he will find himself
mistaken.  When he tells me what the plan is, it will rest with me to
say he has guessed it or he is wrong as the inspiration of the moment
suggests.  If the question lies within my comprehension I may,
perhaps, be able to suggest something new; and if I understand
nothing I will wrap myself up in a mysterious silence, which
sometimes produces a good effect.  At all events, I will not repulse
Fortune when she appears to be favourable to me."

M. de Bernis had only told M. de Boulogne that I was a financier to
get me a hearing, as otherwise he might have declined to see me.  I
was sorry not to be master, at least, of the jargon of the business,
as in that way men have got out of a similar difficulty, and by
knowing the technical terms, and nothing more, have made their mark. 
No matter, I was bound to the engagement.  I must put a good face on
a bad game, and if necessary pay with the currency of assurance.  The
next morning I took a carriage, and in a pensive mood I told the
coachman to take me to M. du Vernai's, at Plaisance--a place a little
beyond Vincennes.

I was set down at the door of the famous man who, forty years ago,
had rescued France on the brink of the precipice down which Law had
almost precipitated her.  I went in and saw a great fire burning on
the hearth, which was surrounded by seven or eight persons, to whom I
was introduced as a friend of the minister for foreign affairs and of
the comptroller; afterwards he introduced these gentlemen to me,
giving to each his proper title, and I noted that four of them were
treasury officials.  After making my bow to each, I gave myself over
to the worship of Harpocrates, and without too great an air of
listening was all ears and eyes.

The conversation at first was of no special interest as they were
talking of the Seine being frozen over, the ice being a foot thick. 
Then came the recent death of M. de Fontenelle, then the case of
Damien, who would confess nothing, and of the five millions his trial
would cost the Crown.  Then coming to war they praised M. de Soubise,
who had been chosen by the king to command the army.  Hence the
transition was easy to the expenses of the war, and how they were to
be defrayed.

I listened and was weary, for all they said was so full of
technicalities that I could not follow the meaning; and if silence
can ever be imposing, my determined silence of an hour and a half's
duration ought to have made me seem a very important personage in the
eyes of these gentlemen.  At last, just as I was beginning to yawn,
dinner was announced, and I was another hour and a half without
opening my mouth, except to do honour to an excellent repast. 
Directly the dessert had been served, M. du Vernai asked me to follow
him into a neighbouring apartment, and to leave the other guests at
the table.  I followed him, and we crossed a hall where we found a
man of good aspect, about fifty years old, who followed us into a
closet and was introduced to me by M. du Vernai under the name of
Calsabigi.  Directly after, two superintendents of the treasury came
in, and M. du Vernai smilingly gave me a folio book, saying,

"That, I think, M.  Casanova, is your plan."

I took the book and read, Lottery consisting of ninety tickets, to be
drawn every month, only one in eighteen to be a winning number.  I
gave him back the book and said, with the utmost calmness,

"I confess, sir, that is exactly my idea."

"You have been anticipated, then; the project is by M. de Calsabigi
here."

"I am delighted, not at being anticipated, but to find that we think
alike; but may I ask you why you have not carried out the plan?"

"Several very plausible reasons have been given against it, which
have had no decisive answers."

"I can only conceive one reason against it," said I, coolly; "perhaps
the king would not allow his subjects to gamble."

"Never mind that, the king will let his subjects gamble as much as
they like: the question is, will they gamble?"

"I wonder how anyone can have any doubt on that score, as the winners
are certain of being paid."

"Let us grant, then, that they will gamble: how is the money to be
found?"

"How is the money to be found?  The simplest thing in the world.  All
you want is a decree in council authorizing you to draw on the
treasury.  All I want is for the nation to believe that the king can
afford to pay a hundred millions."

"A hundred millions!"

"Yes, a hundred millions, sir.  We must dazzle people."

"But if France is to believe that the Crown can afford to pay a
hundred millions, it must believe that the Crown can afford to lose a
hundred millions, and who is going to believe that?  Do you?"

"To be sure I do, for the Crown, before it could lose a hundred
millions, would have received at least a hundred and fifty millions,
and so there need be no anxiety on that score."

"I am not the only person who has doubts on the subject.  You must
grant the possibility of the Crown losing an enormous sum at the
first drawing?"

"Certainly, sir, but between possibility and reality is all the
region of the infinite.  Indeed, I may say that it would be a great
piece of good fortune if the Crown were to lose largely on the first
drawing."

"A piece of bad fortune, you mean, surely?"

"A bad fortune to be desired.  You know that all the insurance
companies are rich.  I will undertake to prove before all the
mathematicians in Europe that the king is bound to gain one in five
in this lottery.  That is the secret.  You will confess that the
reason ought to yield to a mathematical proof?"

"Yes, of course; but how is it that the Castelletto cannot guarantee
the Crown a certain gain?"

"Neither the Castelletto nor anybody in the world can guarantee
absolutely that the king shall always win.  What guarantees us
against any suspicion of sharp practice is the drawing once a month,
as then the public is sure that the holder of the lottery may lose."

"Will you be good enough to express your sentiments on the subject
before the council?"

"I will do so with much pleasure."

"You will answer all objections?"

"I think I can promise as much."

"Will you give me your plan?"

"Not before it is accepted, and I am guaranteed a reasonable profit."

"But your plan may possibly be the same as the one before us."

"I think not.  I see M. de Calsabigi for the first time, and as he
has not shewn me his scheme, and I have not communicated mine to him,
it is improbable, not to say impossible, that we should agree in all
respects.  Besides, in my plan I clearly shew how much profit the
Crown ought to get per annum."

"It might, therefore, be formed by a company who would pay the Crown
a fixed sum?"

"I think not."

"Why?"

"For this reason.  The only thing which would make the lottery pay,
would be an irresistible current of public opinion in its favour.  
I should not care to have anything to do with it in the service of a
company, who, thinking to increase their profits, might extend their
operations--a course which would entail certain loss."

"I don't see how."

"In a thousand ways which I will explain to you another time, and
which I am sure you can guess for yourself.  In short, if I am to
have any voice in the matter, it must be a Government lottery or
nothing."

"M. de Calsabigi thinks so, too."

"I am delighted to hear it, but not at all surprised; for, thinking
on the same lines, we are bound to arrive at the same results."

"Have you anybody ready for the Castelletto?"

"I shall only want intelligent machines, of whom there are plenty in
France."

I went out for a moment and found them in groups on my return,
discussing my project with great earnestness.

M. Calsabigi after asking me a few questions took my hand, which he
shook heartily, saying he should like to have some further
conversation with me; and returning the friendly pressure, I told him
that I should esteem it as an honour to be numbered amongst his
friends.  Thereupon I left my address with M. du Vernai and took my
leave, satisfied, by my inspection of the faces before me, that they
all had a high opinion of my talents.

Three days after, M. de Calsabigi called on me; and after receiving
him in my best style I said that if I had not called on him it was
only because I did not wish to be troublesome.  He told me that my
decisive way of speaking had made a great impression, and he was
certain that if I cared to make interest with the comptroller we
could set up the lottery and make a large profit.

"I think so, too," said I, "but the financiers will make a much
larger profit, and yet they do not seem anxious about it.  They have
not communicated with me, but it is their look-out, as I shall not
make it my chief aim."

"You will undoubtedly hear something about it today, for I know for a
fact that M. de Boulogne has spoken of you to M. de Courteuil."

"Very good, but I assure you I did not ask him to do so."

After some further conversation he asked me, in the most friendly
manner possible, to come and dine with him, and I accepted his
invitation with a great pleasure; and just as we were starting I
received a note from M. de Bernis, in which he said that if I could
come to Versailles the next day he would present me to Madame de
Pompadour, and that I should have an opportunity of seeing M. de
Boulogne.

In high glee at this happy chance, less from vanity than policy I
made M. de Calsabigi read the letter, and I was pleased to see him
opening his eyes as he read it.

"You can force Du Vernai himself to accept the lottery," he said,
"and your fortune is made if you are not too rich already to care
about such matters."

"Nobody is ever rich enough to despise good fortune, especially when
it is not due to favour."

"Very true.  We have been doing our utmost for two years to get the
plan accepted, and have met with nothing beyond foolish objections
which you have crushed to pieces.  Nevertheless, our plans must be
very similar.  Believe me it will be best for us to work in concert,
for by yourself you would find insuperable difficulties in the
working, and you will find no 'intelligent machines' in Paris.  My
brother will do all the work, and you will be able to reap the
advantages at your ease."

"Are you, then, not the inventor of the scheme which has been shewn
me?"

"No, it is the work of my brother."

"Shall I have the pleasure or seeing him?"

"Certainly.  His body is feeble, but his mind is in all its vigour. 
We shall see him directly."

The brother was not a man of a very pleasing appearance, as he was
covered with a kind of leprosy; but that did not prevent him having a
good appetite, writing, and enjoying all his bodily and intellectual
faculties; he talked well and amusingly.  He never went into society,
as, besides his personal disfigurement, he was tormented with an
irresistible and frequent desire of scratching himself, now in one
place, and now in another; and as all scratching is accounted an
abominable thing in Paris, he preferred to be able to use his
fingernails to the pleasures of society.  He was pleased to say that,
believing in God and His works, he was persuaded his nails had been
given him to procure the only solace he was capable of in the kind of
fury with which he was tormented.

"You are a believer, then, in final causes?  I think you are right,
but still I believe you would have scratched yourself if God had
forgotten to give you any nails."

My remarks made him laugh, and he then began to speak of our common
business, and I soon found him to be a man of intellect.  He was the
elder of the two brothers, and a bachelor.  He was expert in all
kinds of calculations, an accomplished financier, with a universal
knowledge of commerce, a good historian, a wit, a poet, and a man of
gallantry.  His birthplace was Leghorn, he had been in a Government
office at Naples, and had come to Paris with M. de l'Hopital.  His
brother was also a man of learning and talent, but in every respect
his inferior.

He shewed me the pile of papers, on which he had worked out all the
problems referring to the lottery.

"If you think you can do without me," said he, "I must compliment you
on your abilities; but I think you will find yourself mistaken, for
if you have no practical knowledge of the matter and no business men
to help you, your theories will not carry you far.  What will you do
after you have obtained the decree?  When you speak before the
council, if you take my advice, you will fix a date after which you
are not to be held responsible--that is to say, after which you will
have nothing more to do with it.  Unless you do so, you will be
certain to encounter trifling and procrastination which will defer
your plan to the Greek Kalends.  On the other hand, I can assure you
that M. du Vernai would be very glad to see us join hands:"

Very much inclined to take these gentlemen into partnership, for the
good reason that I could not do without them, but taking care that
they should suspect nothing, I went down with the younger brother,
who introduced me to his wife before dinner.  I found present an old
lady well known at Paris under the name of General La Mothe, famous
for her former beauty and her gout, another lady somewhat advanced in
years, who was called Baroness Blanche, and was still the mistress of
M. de Vaux, another styled the President's lady, and a fourth, fair
as the dawn, Madame Razzetti, from Piedmont, the wife of one of the
violin players at the opera, and said to be courted by M. de
Fondpertuis, the superintendent of the opera.

We sat down to dinner, but I was silent and absorbed, all my thoughts
being monopolized by the lottery.  In the evening, at Silvia's, I was
pronounced absent and pensive, and so I was in spite of the sentiment
with which Mademoiselle Baletti inspired me--a sentiment which every
day grew in strength.

I set out for Versailles next morning two hours before day-break, and
was welcomed by M. de Bernis, who said he would bet that but for him
I should never have discovered my talent for finance.

"M. de Boulogne tells me you astonished M. du Vernai, who is
generally esteemed one of the acutest men in France.  If you will
take my advice, Casanova, you will keep up that acquaintance and pay
him assiduous court.  I may tell you that the lottery is certain to
be established, that it will be your doing, and that you ought to
make something considerable out of it.  As soon as the king goes out
to hunt, be at hand in the private apartments, and I will seize a
favourable moment for introducing you to the famous marquise. 
Afterwards go to the Office for Foreign Affairs, and introduce
yourself in my name to the Abbe de la Ville.  He is the chief
official there, and will give you a good reception."

M. de Boulogne told me that, as soon as the council of the military
school had given their consent, he would have the decree for the
establishment of the lottery published, and he urged me to
communicate to him any ideas which I might have on the subject of
finance.

At noon Madame de Pompadour passed through the private apartments
with the Prince de Soubise, and my patron hastened to point me out to
the illustrious lady.  She made me a graceful curtsy, and told me
that she had been much interested in the subject of my flight.

"Do you go," said she, "to see your ambassador?"

"I shew my respect to him, madam, by keeping away."

"I hope you mean to settle in France."

"It would be my dearest wish to do so, madam, but I stand in need of
patronage, and I know that in France patronage is only given to men
of talent, which is for me a discouraging circumstance."

"On the contrary, I think you have reason to be hopeful, as you have
some good friends.  I myself shall be delighted if I can be of any
assistance to you."

As the fair marquise moved on, I could only stammer forth my
gratitude.

I next went to the Abbe de la Ville, who received me with the utmost
courtesy, and told me that he would remember me at the earliest
opportunity.

Versailles was a beautiful spot, but I had only compliments and not
invitations to expect there, so after leaving M. de la Ville I went
to an inn to get some dinner.  As I was sitting down, an abbe of
excellent appearance, just like dozens of other French abbes,
accosted me politely, and asked me if I objected to our dining
together.  I always thought the company of a pleasant man a thing to
be desired, so I granted his request; and as soon as he sat down he
complimented me on the distinguished manner in which I had been
treated by M. de la Ville.  "I was there writing a letter," said he,
"and I could hear all the obliging things the abbe said to you.  May
I ask, sir, how you obtained access to him?"

"If you really wish to know, I may be able to tell you."

"It is pure curiosity on my part."

"Well, then, I will say nothing, from pure prudence."

"I beg your pardon."

"Certainly, with pleasure."

Having thus shut the mouth of the curious impertinent, he confined
his conversation to ordinary and more agreeable topics.  After
dinner, having no further business at Versailles, I made preparations
for leaving, on which the abbe begged to be of my company.  Although
a man who frequents the society of abbes is not thought much more of
than one who frequents the society of girls.  I told him that as I
was going to Paris in a public conveyance--far from its being a
question of permission--I should be only too happy to have the
pleasure of his company.  On reaching Paris we parted, after
promising to call on each other, and I went to Silvia's and took
supper there.  The agreeable mistress of the house complimented me on
my noble acquaintances, and made me promise to cultivate their
society.

As soon as I got back to my own lodging, I found a note from M. du
Vernai, who requested me to come to the military school at eleven
o'clock on the next day, and later in the evening Calsabigi came to
me from his brother, with a large sheet of paper containing all the
calculations pertaining to the lottery.

Fortune seemed to be in my favour, for this tabular statement came to
me like a blessing from on high.  Resolving, therefore, to follow the
instructions which I pretended to receive indifferently.  I went to
the military school, and as soon as I arrived the conference began. 
M. d'Alembert had been requested to be present as an expert in
arithmetical calculations.  If M. du Vernai had been the only person
to be consulted, this step would not have been necessary; but the
council contained some obstinate heads who were unwilling to give in. 
The conference lasted three hours.

After my speech, which only lasted half an hour, M. de Courteuil
summed up my arguments, and an hour was passed in stating objections
which I refuted with the greatest ease.  I finally told them that no
man of honour and learning would volunteer to conduct the lottery on
the understanding that it was to win every time, and that if anyone
had the impudence to give such an undertaking they should turn him
out of the room forthwith, for it was impossible that such an
agreement could be maintained except by some roguery.

This had its effect, for nobody replied; and M. du Vernai remarked
that if the worst came to the worst the lottery could be suppressed. 
At this I knew my business was done, and all present, after signing a
document which M. du Vernai gave them, took their leave, and I myself
left directly afterwards with a friendly leave-taking from M. du
Vernal.

M. Calsabigi came to see me the next day, bringing the agreeable news
that the affair was settled, and that all that was wanting was the
publication of the decree.

"I am delighted to hear it," I said, "and I will go to M. de
Boulogne's every day, and get you appointed chief administrator as
soon as I know what I have got for myself."

I took care not to leave a stone unturned in this direction, as I
knew that, with the great, promising and keeping a promise are two
different things.  The decree appeared a week after.  Calsabigi was
made superintendent, with an allowance of three thousand francs for
every drawing, a yearly pension of four thousand francs for us both,
and the chief of the lottery.  His share was a much larger one than
mine, but I was not jealous as I knew he had a greater claim than I.
I sold five of the six offices that had been allotted to me for two
thousand francs each, and opened the sixth with great style in the
Rue St. Denis, putting my valet there as a clerk.  He was a bright
young Italian, who had been valet to the Prince de la Catolica, the
ambassador from Naples.

The day for the first drawing was fixed, and notice was given that
the winning numbers would be paid in a week from the time of drawing
at the chief office.

With the idea of drawing custom to my office, I gave notice that all
winning tickets bearing my signature would be paid at my office in
twenty-four hours after the drawing.  This drew crowds to my office
and considerably increased my profits, as I had six per cent. on the
receipts.  A number of the clerks in the other offices were foolish
enough to complain to Calsabigi that I had spoilt their gains, but he
sent them about their business telling them that to get the better of
me they had only to do as I did--if they had the money.

My first taking amounted to forty thousand francs.  An hour after the
drawing my clerk brought me the numbers, and shewed me that we had
from seventeen to eighteen thousand francs to pay, for which I gave
him the necessary funds.

Without my thinking of it I thus made the fortune of my clerk, for
every winner gave him something, and all this I let him keep for
himself.

The total receipts amounted to two millions, and the administration
made a profit of six hundred thousand francs, of which Paris alone
had contributed a hundred thousand francs.  This was well enough for
a first attempt.

On the day after the drawing I dined with Calsabigi at M. du
Vernai's, and I had the pleasure of hearing him complain that he had
made too much money.  Paris had eighteen or twenty ternes, and
although they were small they increased the reputation of the
lottery, and it was easy to see that the receipts at the next drawing
would be doubled.  The mock assaults that were made upon me put me in
a good humour, and Calsabigi said that my idea had insured me an
income of a hundred thousand francs a year, though it would ruin the
other receivers.

"I have played similar strokes myself," said M. du Vernai, "and have
mostly succeeded; and as for the other receivers they are at perfect
liberty to follow M. Casanova's example, and it all tends to increase
the repute of an institution which we owe to him and to you.

At the second drawing a terne of forty thousand francs obliged me to
borrow money.  My receipts amounted to sixty thousand, but being
obliged to deliver over my chest on the evening before the drawing, I
had to pay out of my own funds, and was not repaid for a week.

In all the great houses I went to, and at the theatres, as soon as I
was seen, everybody gave me money, asking me to lay it out as I liked
and to send them the tickets, as, so far, the lottery was strange to
most people.  I thus got into the way of carrying about me tickets of
all sorts, or rather of all prices, which I gave to people to choose
from, going home in the evening with my pockets full of gold.  This
was an immense advantage to me, as kind of privilege which I enjoyed
to the exclusion of the other receivers who were not in society, and
did not drive a carriage like myself--no small point in one's favour,
in a large town where men are judged by the state they keep.  I found
I was thus able to go into any society, and to get credit everywhere.

I had hardly been a month in Paris when my brother Francis, with whom
I had parted in 1752, arrived from Dresden with Madame Sylvestre.  
He had been at Dresden for four years, taken up with the pursuit of
his art, having copied all the battle pieces in the Elector's Galley. 
We were both of us glad to meet once more, but on my offering to see
what my great friends could do for him with the Academicians, he
replied with all an artist's pride that he was much obliged to me,
but would rather not have any other patrons than his talents.  "The
French," said he, "have rejected me once, and I am far from bearing
them ill-will on that account, for I would reject myself now if I
were what I was then; but with their love of genius I reckon on a
better reception this time."

His confidence pleased me, and I complimented him upon it, for I have
always been of the opinion that true merit begins by doing justice to
itself.

Francis painted a fine picture, which on being exhibited at the
Louvre, was received with applause.  The Academy bought the picture
for twelve thousand francs, my brother became famous, and in twenty-
six years he made almost a million of money; but in spite of that,
foolish expenditure, his luxurious style of living, and two bad
marriages, were the ruin of him.